Higher education is made up of :
· university education: divided in 3 cycles (bachelor, master, doctoral).
· post-university studies
Higher-education institutions have their own internal policies regarding admission, exams and conditions for graduation. The most known universities are based in major cities such as Bucharest, Timisoara, Cluj, Iasi, Targu Mures.
Both during and after the communism period, Romanian universities have been classified among the best in Eastern Europe and have attracted international students, especially in the fields of medicine and technology. However, after the 1989 revolution higher education in Romania has suffered from a lack of qualified professors, financial resources and government initiative to support and expand the network of universities.
3.1. The academic year The academic year usually begins the first working day of October and includes two semesters.
A semester is usually a period of 14 weeks of teaching followed by, usually, at least 3 weeks of exams.
The structure of the academic year is approved by the university senate.
3.2 University Education After Romania joined the Bologna educational system and since the 2005/2006 academic year, all higher education institutions, both public and private, were obliged by law to implement the new structure of three cycles: Bachelor, Master and Doctorate.
· Cycle 1 or Bachelor degree: takes form 3 to 4 years and includes a minimum of 180 and a maximum of 240 transferable credits, depending on the field and specialization. It ends with a “license exam”. Students passing the exam obtain a “bachelor diploma”.
· Cycle 2 or Master degree: takes 1 to 2 years and includes a minimum of 60 and a maximum of 120 transferable study credits. It ends with a “dissertation exam”. Students passing the exam obtain a “master diploma”.
· Cycle 3 or Doctoral degree (PhD): takes till 3 years and ends up with a “public examination of the doctoral” thesis. Students passing the exam obtain a “PhD diploma”.
University education lasts 4-9 years (depending on the domain and the cycles attended) and is organized by universities, academies and post-university schools.
The students that can attend university are high school graduates holding a baccalaureate diploma.
In some universities (especially the medical ones) admission is granted on a competitive basis, following an entrance examination. In other (the majority of the Romanian universities) admission is granted based on the baccalaureate degree and the high-school average degree.
The students can simultaneously attend the courses of two or several faculties, but only benefit from certain facilities established by the law for one direction of study.
Besides the enrolment figure financed from the budget (decided every year by law) there are also fee-paying student places.
3.3. Post- university education Post-university studies consist of:
· post-university professional development programs;
· post-doctoral and advanced research programs.
3.4. Areas of specialization and universities Fields of specializations in higher education are:
· Sciences: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science;
· Life and Earth Sciences: Biology, Geography, Geology;
· Humanities: Philosophy, Philology, History, Psychology, Science Education;
· Theology
· Social and Political Sciences: Sociology, Political Science, International Relations, Administrative Sciences, Communication Sciences;
· Legal Sciences: Law;
· Economics: Economics, Cybernetics and Economic Statistics, Finance, Accounting, International Economic Relations, Management, Marketing;
· Agricultural, forestry and livestock: Agriculture, Horticulture, Biotechnology;
· Medical Sciences: Medicine, Pharmacy, Veterinary Medicine;
· Architecture and Urbanism;
· Arts: Fine and decorative arts, Music, Theatre, Film and Media;
· Physical Education and sport.
· Engineering Sciences: Technical geology, Mines, Oil and Gas, Geodesy, Civil Engineering, Systems, Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Engineering shipbuilding and navigation, Mechanical engineering, Transport engineering, Materials engineering, Industrial engineering, Wood engineering, Mechatronics, System engineering and computers, Electrical engineering, Energy engineering, Electronic engineering, Chemical engineering, Textile engineering and leather products, Food engineering, Economic engineering, Environmental engineering, Engineering of weapons, missiles and ammunition;
· Military Sciences.
· university education: divided in 3 cycles (bachelor, master, doctoral).
· post-university studies
Higher-education institutions have their own internal policies regarding admission, exams and conditions for graduation. The most known universities are based in major cities such as Bucharest, Timisoara, Cluj, Iasi, Targu Mures.
Both during and after the communism period, Romanian universities have been classified among the best in Eastern Europe and have attracted international students, especially in the fields of medicine and technology. However, after the 1989 revolution higher education in Romania has suffered from a lack of qualified professors, financial resources and government initiative to support and expand the network of universities.
3.1. The academic year The academic year usually begins the first working day of October and includes two semesters.
A semester is usually a period of 14 weeks of teaching followed by, usually, at least 3 weeks of exams.
The structure of the academic year is approved by the university senate.
3.2 University Education After Romania joined the Bologna educational system and since the 2005/2006 academic year, all higher education institutions, both public and private, were obliged by law to implement the new structure of three cycles: Bachelor, Master and Doctorate.
· Cycle 1 or Bachelor degree: takes form 3 to 4 years and includes a minimum of 180 and a maximum of 240 transferable credits, depending on the field and specialization. It ends with a “license exam”. Students passing the exam obtain a “bachelor diploma”.
· Cycle 2 or Master degree: takes 1 to 2 years and includes a minimum of 60 and a maximum of 120 transferable study credits. It ends with a “dissertation exam”. Students passing the exam obtain a “master diploma”.
· Cycle 3 or Doctoral degree (PhD): takes till 3 years and ends up with a “public examination of the doctoral” thesis. Students passing the exam obtain a “PhD diploma”.
University education lasts 4-9 years (depending on the domain and the cycles attended) and is organized by universities, academies and post-university schools.
The students that can attend university are high school graduates holding a baccalaureate diploma.
In some universities (especially the medical ones) admission is granted on a competitive basis, following an entrance examination. In other (the majority of the Romanian universities) admission is granted based on the baccalaureate degree and the high-school average degree.
The students can simultaneously attend the courses of two or several faculties, but only benefit from certain facilities established by the law for one direction of study.
Besides the enrolment figure financed from the budget (decided every year by law) there are also fee-paying student places.
3.3. Post- university education Post-university studies consist of:
· post-university professional development programs;
· post-doctoral and advanced research programs.
3.4. Areas of specialization and universities Fields of specializations in higher education are:
· Sciences: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science;
· Life and Earth Sciences: Biology, Geography, Geology;
· Humanities: Philosophy, Philology, History, Psychology, Science Education;
· Theology
· Social and Political Sciences: Sociology, Political Science, International Relations, Administrative Sciences, Communication Sciences;
· Legal Sciences: Law;
· Economics: Economics, Cybernetics and Economic Statistics, Finance, Accounting, International Economic Relations, Management, Marketing;
· Agricultural, forestry and livestock: Agriculture, Horticulture, Biotechnology;
· Medical Sciences: Medicine, Pharmacy, Veterinary Medicine;
· Architecture and Urbanism;
· Arts: Fine and decorative arts, Music, Theatre, Film and Media;
· Physical Education and sport.
· Engineering Sciences: Technical geology, Mines, Oil and Gas, Geodesy, Civil Engineering, Systems, Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Engineering shipbuilding and navigation, Mechanical engineering, Transport engineering, Materials engineering, Industrial engineering, Wood engineering, Mechatronics, System engineering and computers, Electrical engineering, Energy engineering, Electronic engineering, Chemical engineering, Textile engineering and leather products, Food engineering, Economic engineering, Environmental engineering, Engineering of weapons, missiles and ammunition;
· Military Sciences.